Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) - 840 Words

In the video titled, â€Å"Why Can’t You Behave?† the client Julian suffers from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and has impairments of body functions and structures, activity and participation limitations, and has environmental as well as personal factors that are present, which impacts his daily functions. Julian demonstrates the inability to remain calm, or to sit still during any daily activity due to being hyperactive. According to the video, â€Å"Julian was a very restless boy, he was so hyperactive he couldn’t sit still through a meal†, so daily tasks such as sitting and learning in a traditional classroom setting, and being able to sit still long enough to complete any homework assignments were all challenges that Julian faced due to suffering from ADHD. From the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) checklist, under the mental functions section b140 attention would be considered as a complete impairment of Julianâ€⠄¢s body functions due to difficulties focusing attention on organizing and completing a task. Since Julian also shows difficulty processing information and difficulty listening when spoken to, the brain in section s110 of the ICF would be a body structure noted as having impairments for function. Now, when it comes to the clients’ activity and participation limitations Julian has several instances in the video that show where he had some difficulties. For example, in section d1of the ICF he does demonstrate the inability to learn andShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1710 Words   |  7 Pages Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD which is often referred to as childhood hyperactivity, it s a severe and chronic disorder for children. It is one of the most prevalent childhood disorders, and affects 3% to 5% of the school-age population. Boys outnumber girls three or more to one. Children with ADHD can experience many behavioral difficulties that often manifest in the form of inattention, being easily distracted, being impulsive, and hyperactivity. As a result, children withRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1744 Words   |  7 PagesI chose to research Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, otherwise known as ADHD, in culture and child development for the following reasons. First, it is important as educators that we understand the difference between restlessness and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in children. Secondly, we must be conscious of the origins of ADHD, how to recognize it, the myths and prejudices against it, and kn ow the most appropriate intervention strategies. Educators must also realize that evenRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1495 Words   |  6 Pagesoccasionally forget to do their homework, get fidgety when they lose interest in an activity, or speak out of turn during class time. But inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are all signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a neuro-development disorder and can start as early as three years old throughout adulthood. People with ADHD have trouble focusing on tasks and activities, this can have a negative impact on the individual in different ways. It can make the child feelRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1002 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract There are many disorders that are first diagnosed whether it is during infancy, childhood or adolescence. The disorders range from intellectual disabilities, learning disabilities, communication disorders, all the way through to elimination disorders. Attention-deficit and disruptive disorders are the most common. All including AD/HD, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and unspecified disruptive disorder. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is one of the most commonRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1699 Words   |  7 Pageshas had some difficulty sitting still, paying attention and even controlling impulsive behavior once or twice in our life. For some people, however, the problems that occur slim to none in our life occurs in the lives of theirs every day and interfere with every aspect of their life inclusive of home, academic, social and work. . The interaction of core ADHD symptoms with co-morbid problems and neuropsychological deï ¬ cits suggests that individuals with ADHD are likely to experience problems in academicRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)1259 Words   |  5 PagesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly found disorder in children in the United States. Statistics show that the male to female ratio for children with ADHD is eight to one. 4.4 million Children between the ages four to seventeen have diagnosed with ADHD (Cheng Tina L et al.). African American children are at a higher risk for having ADHD. Caucasian children are least likely to have ADHD. 2.5 million children receive medication for ADHD, but African American childrenRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1058 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom disorders such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (or ADHD/ADD.) While much is known about these disorders and how they affect the education of children, there are only a few known methods that consistently help an affected child focus and target in on what they need to learn. Medication for children With Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder must be used as an aid to help the affected child to focus and comprehend information being presented to them. Children with Attention DeficitRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1552 Words   |  7 PagesATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER Seth was a second grader at West Elementary. He constantly got reprimanded by his teachers for not paying attention in class. He could not understand the information given to him during the school day. He thought he was stupid and useless. But he was not. His parents got him tested by a doctor for ADHD. He is one of many kids in the United States who have been recognized as having it. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a major issue in the educationRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )978 Words   |  4 Pagesin diagnoses of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children since the 21st century. Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention the increase has been seen as a difference from, â€Å"7.8% in 2003 to 9.5% in 2007 and to 11.0% in 2011† (p. 4). Many questions arise concerning why the numbers are on the rise, especially when boys are 7.6 percent more likely than girls to receive the diagnosis of ADHD. When should the line be drawn between a disorder, and hyperactivity that comes withRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is ADHD? Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects almost 10% of American children between 13 and 18 years old, as well as 4% of U.S. adults over 18. Only a licensed mental health professional can provide an ADHD diagnosis, after a thorough evaluation. ADHD has three primary characteristics: Inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Inattentive: Are effortlessly distracted, fail to catch details, are forgetful, and regularly switch activities. Find it difficult to focus

Managing Risks Of Managing Risk Management - 1710 Words

Managing risk is a complex issue in the world of business today, and covers issues from budgets, to legal issues as well as security for a company, and these are topics that will be discussed in this study. Often the success of a company depends on the risk management skills of the team and leaders. How well risk management in business is handled will decide whether the mission of the company will be carried out and it is primary to security. This study will look at issues that are affected by risk management and draw conclusion on how they should be used in order for a company to reach optimal success. In order to for risk management to be effective information security is a major issue that will be vital to a company, even though it cannot guarantee success. There are several facets to information security. The company will have information that needs to be protected, and the need for a risk management plan that allows for some information needs to be constructed so that the compan y is protected at the same time. (Strom, 2014). In order to provide this kind of risk management for a company to be successful information must be seen as a valuable commodity. This included information about the company and the competition. At this time, it is common for global corporations to creative separate units inside the company to deal with compliance with securing the information that the company wishes to protect and to help with risks that could occur financially orShow MoreRelatedManaging Objectives Of Building Risk Management1675 Words   |  7 Pageshave associated risks of these activities that will impact an organization’s strategic planning. As a result, many boards and executive teams are taking steps to improve the effectiveness of their risk management and risk governance efforts as these new risks emerge. One of the greatest challenges they face is the ability to make risk intelligent decisions for today, and for the future, without really comprehen ding the new universe of risks in their changing environment. Making risk intelligent decisionsRead MoreManaging Interest Rate Risk Management1035 Words   |  5 PagesIn the aspect of interest rate risk management, the department establishes a systematic financial risk quantitative analysis model by analyzing the assets and liabilities structure. On the basis of scenario analysis and stress testing, it follows the movement of interest rate and determine the timing of market operation. It analyzes Apple’s import and export trade currency and business volume. Various measures will be taken to lock exchange rate. Buying forward exchange rate options is one of theRead MoreManaging A Strong Risk Management Program Essay983 Words   |  4 Pagesand attack are inevitable. In in order to maintain resilience it is important to establish a strong risk management program. It can be difficult to conceptualize risk management as a program and a framework. It is first important to iden tify the critical infrastructure and key resources that require risk reduction and the mitigation of consequences. In this essay we will examine how risk management is used by the homeland security enterprise, and how that use benefits such aspects as resource allocationRead MoreManaging Risk Management Policies And Rules1882 Words   |  8 PagesManage risk Project Part 1 Information sources Information sources can be from company’s risk management plans, risk analysis reports, customer and staffs complaint forms, risk monitor and evaluation reports, company’s financial reports, staff performance report, safety inspection reports, risk management professionals, equipment repairing reports, code of practice and standard, company’s risk management policy, Risk management AS/NZS 4360, Risk management guidelines, professional standards for riskRead MoreRisk Management And Managing A Health Care Organization1864 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Risks to patients, employees, and organizations are prevalent in healthcare. Operating and managing a health care organization consists of many important factors. Factors such as finance, safety, and most importantly, patient care (CITE Scranton University). These factors play a major role in the success of the organization. Therefore, it is important for an organization to have qualified healthcare risk managers to assess, develop, implement, and monitor risk management plans with theRead MoreInternal Parameters When Managing Risk Management Essay3099 Words   |  13 PagesRisk Management: Risk management of his family and property to reduce the effect, usually at the end of a special task force to organize a relative or related words, prosperity and security risk or in crisis, to identify and evaluate a high priority. You threatened the welfare administration and strategy, as well as some pieces of the owner to ensure safety needs help. Internal parameters when managing risk for the Organisation: Roles and Responsibilities: †¢ Please identify philosophy and a breakdownRead MoreVietnam s Economic Growth On The Economy1320 Words   |  6 Pagesloose; the industry has achieved decisive growth consistent with the Government s economic stimulus packages. However, Vietnam is also a high-risk country. Although the short-term risk is high, it will decrease over the long term according to government attempts to launch economic reforms. The growing FDI in the country will also support to lessen the risk. †¢ Recently, the country experiences political stability. Nevertheless, rising discontent with the ruling party and concerns related to humanRead MoreManaging the Software Enterprise1295 Words   |  5 PagesMANAGING THE SOFTWARE ENTERPRISE 2 Managing the Software Enterprise Managing the Software Enterprise Introduction Risk management in any enterprise is a key strategy to reduce any uncertainties that threaten the company. Several strategies could be laid, focusing on the Software enterprises that could help curb the problem of any uncertainties and in turn increase the efficiency of the enterprises. Management play a crucial role in reduction of any uncertainties in the Software industries, withRead Moreproject manajment1121 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿2-15-99 Project Management: The Managerial Process COMPREHENSIVE TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE CHAPTER 1 Modern Project Management What is a project? The project life cycle The project manager The importance of project management Snapshot from practice: The best wireless phone in the world Snapshot from practice: The emergence of e.Schwab The evolution of project management systems Project management today-- An integrative approachRead MoreManaging The Risks Of The Supply Chain Essay1573 Words   |  7 PagesMANAGING THE RISKS OF THE SUPPLY CHAIN Adam Lindeman November 21, 2016 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of 295 ISE Seminar Course FALL Semester, 2016 Systems Science and Industrial Engineering Department Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science State University of New York at Binghamton TABLE OF CONTENTS Will update for final paper. Will include a complete list of every section and where to find it. Sections will include an Introduction, Analysis, Conclusion

Regions Regional Science Policy Practice - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Regions Regional Science Policy Practice? Answer: Introducation The primary purpose of the paper is to evaluate accounting quality for Coca-Cola Amatil through accessing its accounting policies as well as estimates and also preparing an in-depth report on managers accounting and reporting strategy choice. The report has been formulated by the ASX Listing Rule of 4.2A. 3. Coca-cola Amatil is operational in six countries, that is: New Zealand, Australia, Samoa, Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. The company positioned as amoung the best and principal manufacturers, and most competitive suppliers of ready to drink alcohol as well as non-alcoholic beverages is an important institution in the Asia Pacific regions. Coca-Cola owns the brands and manufacturers the concentrates of several non-alcoholic beverages that are locally manufactured by Amatil. Subsequently, this is an inclusion of Coca-Cola, Fanta, Powerade, and Sprite. Coca-Cola Amatil directly employs a rough estimation of over 14000 people as well as indirectly offer jobs to so many other individuals (Abwanzo, 2016). The supply chain in the companys operation is comprised of partnerships with the principal suppliers that work in manufacturing, packaging, and selling as well as distributing the vast range of products. Accounting policies are general principles, rules, and procedures that are imp lemented by a companys core management team and is used in the preparation of the companys financial statement. The process comprises of any methods, measurement systems as well as the procedure involved in presenting disclosures. The following section will extensively examine accounting policies and estimates used by CCA and a comparison of accounting policies and estimations used by its prime competitors. Segment Reporting The company operates in several segments which are grounded on results conveyed to the managing director of the group. Technically, the New Zealand and Fiji, Australia, and Indonesia, as well as PNG Non-Alcoholic Beverage segments, obtain their revenues from manufactures as well as marketing of some of the non-alcoholic beverages. Relatively, the financial statement of the group is seasonally affected by the timing of certain festivities in the respective countries most specifically within the CCA operational zones. The average trend is that revenue earnings and operating cash flows of CCA and the New Zealand based one are stronger in the second half of the financial year (Chance, 2017). This is attributed to the fact that the Christmas holiday is a trading period which automatically leads to associated effects on the working capital components. Also, the Ramadan period just like Christmas impacts the general timing of the Indonesian market within the financial year. The results in s egment criteria are based on remunerations before interest and substantial item basis. The net segment assets comprise of assets in operating and investing assets as well as the liabilities involved. However, this is exclusive of amounts in net debt. Net debt amounts are comprised of long-term deposits, cash assets and debt-related assets as well as legal liabilities. The net debts, income taxes, and net finance costs are handled at a group level and hence not reported internally specifically as a segmented level. The table below is a segment report based on the year 2015-2016. The table also takes into account net debts and assets for all subsidiaries of Coca Cola Amatil and the potential impact the statistics has on profitability The table below was computed to analyze the financial summary and income statements of Coca Cola Amatil taking specific consideration on trade revenue, EBIT significance and the total profit for the year attributable to shareholders in the fiscal year 2014-2015. The following section will also analyse the second accounting policy used by the CCA in its operation and financial statement reporting. A representation of the companys financial and result commentary which will be used to analyze the accounting policies used as well as the estimates of Coca-Cola Amatil. Financial Result Net profit credited to the stakeholders of Coca Cola Amatil grew to 183.9 million on the grounds of a Net profit which increased by 2.45% to an estimate of $186.3 million. Trading Revenue increased by a total of 4.8% which is a reflection of $2.4 billion The Earnings per Share increased to a 24.1 cents per share, thats a representation of 0.9% of the total estimates. Also, earnings before interest and tax was enhanced to $316.9 million, and thats an estimation of roughly 0.1%. The group operational results The business in the fiscal year of 2015 delivered first-half results consistent with the internal plans and guidance that had been previously anticipated. However, the results were achieved despite the hardships experienced in Australia and Indonesia regarding trading and economic conditions (Moore, 2017). In relation, CCA employed strategies that were implemented to reinforce the leading rank of the institution in its industry, and this is expected to generate a long-term shareholder value. On the other hand, the fiscal year 2014-2015 showcased a similar trend just as in the 2015-2016 annual report. The following is a representation of an Ebit Summary for the year 2015 The table below is also a computed Interim results commentary of the year 2016 for Coca Cola Amatil Limited and its subsidiaries. The variance results was computed using statistics from Australia, Indonesia and PNG and Fiji New Zealand. The EBIT results in 2016 pointed out that Australian Bevaerage EBIT decreased by 1.9% while struggling to address the structural adjustment in the market. On the other hand, the New Zealand and Fiji EBIT increased by an estimated 7.4% on a constant currency. Technically, this change was credited to the revenue and volume growth estimation. The increase in the Indonesia and Papua New Guinea EBIT by 71.4% contributed to a $14.6 million of reported earnings for Coca Cola Amatil. In relation, the net finance costs reduction of $15.0 million reflected a full year in the year 2016 from equity injection in 2015 hence lowering the interest rates of the Australian market. The beverage business in Australia conveyed an increase regarding volume and trading revenue which was embedded on aspects such as investment pricing, brand building, innovation as well as the route to market improvement. The investments, in this case, are financed from cost savings which are to be supplied in the better part of the second half. CCAs CSD volumes gained grounds when it delivered both volumes as well as value share gains despite the hostile environment of a challenging trading context which saw a decline in the inclusive CSD market. To counter this situation, CCA used packaging improvement, household penetration and pricing and marketing initiatives to deliver growth in the transaction. An overall reduction was however attributed to the target investment regarding pricing transversely across the majority of our customer base. Technically, the mentioned price investments were formulated against a backdrop of a fairly benign estimation of goods atmosphere. As per now, th e organization remains on pathway to convey its three-year cost-saving target of over $100 million and savings weighted for the second half. On the other hand, New Zealand and Fiji earnings increased by a rough estimation of 9.9%; this increase was attributed to strong performances in CSD and water. The two affiliates benefited from the buoyant economic crisis, and this was in particular regards to the very first quarter. In areas such as New Zealand, the concept of activation of strong market resulted in the market share growth in soft drinks as well as energy drinks but maintained its share in the CSD. Also, Indonesia and PNG had enhanced earnings with the Indonesian business supplying a solid volume growth as well as market share gains in terms of CSDs. The logic here is that the company CCA has continued to expand the market presence through improving the affordability of products and this has in turn aided the market leadership position in CSDs with the market share accumulatin g by five significant points from the mentioned year to the current date. In summary, other performance measures include Free cash flow, Return on capital employed (ROCE), Earnings per share, Net tangible asset (NTA) and backing per ordinary share of Coca Cola Amatil. Regarding sustainability, CCA sustainability framework is embedded on delivering real outcomes for its consumers, the environment as well as the community it operates in (Metzger, 2014). According to a 2015 sustainability report, there was an established new baseline that is committed to the continuous improvement regarding the organizations performance as well as reporting on an annual basis. CCA is also on the front line to ensure that it makes a positive change in the community that it operates in and hence acknowledges the regulatory landscape that is rapidly changing. Subsequently, this is with particular regards to environmental protection and the wellbeing of consumers (Faccio OBrien, 2015). The business demonstrates its willingness to address community as well as regulatory concerns through the following areas: Actively engage with all Australian state and also territory governments with plans to present CDS which is a container deposit scheme. Subsequently, this is done in the hopes that a new CDS will technically and consistently operate across every states in Australia with particularly minimized impact financially for manufacturers and consumers. Regarding consumer wellbeing, CCA acknowledges that it has an underlying role to play in terms of addressing the concept of obesity in the community (Ashley, 2017). Technically, this is achieved through an extensive partnership between the organization, community leaders, the government and other businesses. With the shifting landscape of consumer preferences, a great opportunity presents itself for the business to extensively improve its portfolio of products. The company in partnership with its brand partners are involved in reformulating products, reducing pack sizes and promoting advisable levels of individual lifestyles and preferences (Corea, 2016). An overview of the financial results indicates that as per 2016, CCA continually made solid evolvement in terms of implementation of business strategies as per the 2014 strategic review. In return, this attracts sustainable return for its relevant stakeholders. Also, an associated outcome of the same was a growth in the underlying EBIT of 3.5% as well as an underlying NPAT of approximately 6.2% for the annual year (Bender, 2014). In relation, the result by segment and business is an indication of the power of the diversity of the business portfolio and the robust contribution of the growth markets. While Australian Beverages also declined by 1.8 percent for the year which was attributed to a 6.8 percent increase in New Zealand and Fiji segment which is a representation of 15% of the groups earnings. SPC recorded losses for the year with an expected return to profitability. However, this transit in business took longer than it had been anticipated. To reduce the rate of share decline, a countermeasure of increasing promotional activity was used. However, this countermeasure was not effective enough in offset the continued price competition most specifically from imported products (Bernarto, Meilani Canoy, 2015). The carrying value of SPCs had been reduced to $156.3 million as a result of a $170.8 million after a tax non-cash impairment charge. Free cash flow of an estimation of $490 million in 2016 was also considered the maximum free cash flow that Coca Cola Amatil has reported in several years. Technically, this was approximate $100 million higher than the estimate of 2015 and also substantially higher than the dividend payments for that year. The concept of Cash Flow Cash flows, in this case, is embedded in business plans that are permitted by the Board of Directors. The utilization of cash flow projects for roughly five years now have potentially aided in the minimization of the reliance on residual values. The key inputs used in defining the cash flows included sales and royal rates. Technically, sales are embedded on a bussiness plan that is typically a three-year business plan that are appraised by the management. On the other hand, royalty rates are manipulated by market rates for equivalent brands adjusted for the cost linked with the maintenance of the brand. Any substantial change in key assumptions in the future if impairments had been previously recognized could end in the requirement to recognize any further impairment. On the other hand, regarding discount rates, the discount rates in this case are the weighted average cost of capital for the Group with particular regards to each brand and risk adjustment in areas that are applicable. Technically, operating cash flow was strongest with the cash realization increasing to 110.5 percent for the year, this was an increase of 17.8 points (Wilson Wilson, 2017). In 2016, the tax paid was relatively lower than the one paid in 2015 due to lower tax installments on the Australian earnings. The business also continues to invest in the supply chain capabilities across all the potential markets with the capital expenditure slightly under $300 million which was a $39.7 million increase from the previous year in 2015. Subsequently, this can be reflected through: The commencement of a capital investment program The ongoing investment particularly in Indonesian manufacturing capability improved productivity and efficiency in the supply chain process as well as an extension in the reach of our network and products. Investment in a new hot-fill production facility based in New Zealand was commissioned in the year 2016, the primary was to purpose-built facility and more than doubles the aptitude of the previous plants hence consolidates operations in what can be referred to as an accessible hub. In summary, the strong free cash flow results indicate that the balance sheet is incorporated in a very strong position. In relation, there was a decrease in net debt by an estimated $153.5 million to under $ 1 billion. The shareholder Value Proposition CCAs shareholders value proposition is a guide to the administration of the general varied markets and portfolio. Also, it stipulates the contribution that each department of the business contributes to the overall success and outcome of the Group. Technically, the primary target of the firm is the mid-single digit EPS growth as well as a strong balance sheet and the reoccurrence on capital. Specifically, in Australia, attempts are being made to make significant progress in rebalancing the portfolio, leveraging route-to-market and also revenue growth management capability (Alawattage, Wickramasinghe, Tsamenyi Uddin, 2017). The challenge of the overall market however still stands. In relation, the institution has the mandate to work towards stabilizing the business and ensure sustainability regarding low single-digit EBIT growth. SPC is a significant tool that is effectively used in modernizing the business. However, the profitability return is a process taking longer than anticipate d with an uncertain loss this year (Mialon et al. 2016). Regarding capital planning, the institution remains tailored with modest investment in Australia and New Zealand and also a more noteworthy investment in Indonesia so as to capture the medium to long-term growth. The approach is effective, however, it also has its underlying challenges like resulting in a sustainable level of EPS growth. Technically, EPS growth has strong disbursements and also a strong balance sheet for all the relevant stakeholders. Amatil Policies and Practices Amatils website an inclusive of the Corporate Governance section comprehends significant copies of key policies of Amatil as well as governance documents on the same (Wilson et al. 2015). Subsequently, this comprises of Amatils constitution, Board, and Committee Charters, corporate governance statement and Committee Charters, Code of Business Conduct as well as Whistleblower protection policy. Business and sustainability Risks The company is exposed to some risks including operational, financial, market alongside socio political that may implicate adverse risks on the future financial prospects of Coca-Cola Amatil. Technically, the impact as well nature of such underlying risks is expected to alter over time (Lanis, McClure Zirnsak, 2017). They also vary regarding the degree in which the institution can mitigate the problem. In relation, the compnay employed a framework for managing risks embedded on internal control systems that aim to counter the key business risks. Information on Coca-Cola Amatil Limited, risk management framework, is found in its Corporate Governance Statement under Recognize and Manage Risk. The key business risks include: Macro-Economic factors that impact competition and Demand The retail environment in New Zealand and Australia remains a central challenge as consumer spending is constantly subdued across some areas. However, this is with particular regards to beverage retailing and food retailing. A reflection of the same has been manifested in the proliferation of value, persistent retailing pricing pressure and private label beverages. Strong market and demographic fundamentals impact the Indonesian business but the growth in return continuously attracts more competition and hence placing more pressure on earnings. Also, another constant challenge for the group is the constant lack of liquidity in the local Papua New Guinea currency market. To maintain its position as a more cost-competitive institution, Amatil aims at implementing a range of strategic cost-out initiatives over 2017; it will also build scale and relevance in its operational market and also continues to manage its foreign exchange risks. Sparkling Soft Drinks Category Pressure The continuous decline of sparkling soft drink category in Australia and other areas such as Indonesia and New Zealand has created a risk to Amatils earnings. A primary factor that are credited for this change is the health and wellness concerns around sugar as well as artificiality that is quickly shifting consumer preferences towards more low and fewer kilojoule products. Subsequently, this trend is particular in developed countries. While this shift is taking place other beverages like non-carbonated beverages are experiencing strong growth and hence Coca Cola Amatil continuously build its shares in the specific categories. CCA has a close working relationship with The Coca-Cola Company to leverage it's Coca-Cola System leadership position in the category of sparkling soft drink and continues to take an impactful share of stills through production innovation as well as extending customer reach. Plastics Tax, Sugar Tax, Container Deposit Schemes The risks associated with regulatory interventions like proposed container deposit potential sugar, schemes as well as plastic tax is a major orientation of The Coca-Cola system. Beverage products consumption policies are produced by health and environmental advocates that exclusively focus on litter alongside obesity matters. Subsequently, this is oriented at government which seek novel revenue sources. CCA continuously engage with relevant stakeholders in attempts to raise impacts awareness of more regulations. Fund industry led initiative aimed at achieving objectives of public policy which have negligible influence on Amatil and consumers. Relationship with TCCC and other Brand Partners The relationship between the institution and its partners is a key concept in the achievement hence forming a fundamental share of the key strategies in the business. The TCCC branded products form the majority of Coca-Cola Amatil beverage business and hence rely on strong plans aligned towards its growth. Consequently, company endures to drive extensive alignment improvement with TCCC. Business continuity risks associated with utility disruptions, natural disasters, and regulatory changes It undertaks its operation in external-environments considered vulnerable to like utility disruptions, regulatory changes, and cyber threats and susceptible to natural disasters which can cause extensive business disruption (Kumarasiri, 2015). Relatively, business continuity framework has been put in place and are also regular tested to decrease potential effects disturbance. Additionally, sufficient covers of insurance has been put in place cross Group to aid in the business. In summary, financial statements are vital components since it is a variable that measures and summarizes economic consequences of business activities, like in this particular case study, the financial statement of CCA helped in underpinning several crucial aspects of the business. Financial statements are also considered a source of wide and comprehensive available data, particularly on publicly traded corporations. The accrual accounting information analyzed in the body of the paper aimed at reflecting the expectations of the economic performance of Coca-Cola Amatil. Auditing, as well as Accounting standards, work hand in hand to ensure that financial reports meet the expected standards. A competitive advantage is critical in ensuring that CCA stands out in its respective industry. References Abwanzo, B. N. (2016). The Ad Putting and Promotion of Coke-Cola in Australia. Alawattage, C., Wickramasinghe, D., Tsamenyi, M., Uddin, S. (2017). Doing critical management accounting research in emerging economies.Advances in Scientific and Applied Accounting,10(2), 177-188. Ashley, R. (2017). Coca-Cola Amatil: Insights from the company auditing.Equity,31(6), 16. Bender, A. (2014). Taking matters into their own hands.CIO, (Summer 2014), 32. Bernarto, I., Meilani, Y. F. C. P., Canoy Jr, L. M. (2015). THE EFFECTS OF BRAND CREDIBILITY, BRAND COMMITMENT, LOYALTY INTENTION TO BRAND EQUITY Sharon.E-Proceeding of,2015, 113. Chance, M. J. (2017). Quality Control Air Produk Minuman Berkabonasi Fanta Strawberry RGB 295 Ml Secara Mikrobiologi Di PT Coca Cola Amatil Indonesia Central Java. Corea, G. (2016). Global value chain: the Coca-Cola system. Faccio, M., OBrien, W. (2015).Business groups and internal markets for human capital. Working Paper, Krannert School of Management Purdue University. Faccio, M., O'Brien, W. (2015). Business Groups and Employment. Kumarasiri, J. (2015). Use of management accounting practices in carbon emission management: Evidence from Australian companies.Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, The,21(1), 5. Lanis, R., McClure, R., Zirnsak, M. (2017). Tax aggressiveness of alcohol and bottling companies in Australia. Metzger, K. (2014). The Import of Culture? The Coca Cola Company in America and Australia. Mialon, M., Swinburn, B., Wate, J., Tukana, I., Sacks, G. (2016). Analysis of the corporate political activity of major food industry actors in Fiji.Globalization and health,12(1), 18. Moore, B. (2017). Queensland report.Equity,31(6), 20. Wilson, B., Hogan, A., Cuthill, M., Baker, D., Buys, L., Burton, L. (2015). Someone else's boom but always our bust: Australia as a derivative economy, implications for regions.Regional Science Policy Practice,7(2), 75-87. Wilson, R. E., Wilson, R. E. (2017). Coca-Cola Amatil: A Bottler Recharging Growth With Energy Drinks.Kellogg School of Management Cases, 1-15.

Role Theory free essay sample

Role theory concerns one of the most important features of social life, characteristicbehavior patternsor roles. It explains roles by presumingthat persons are members of social positions and hold expectationsfor their own behaviorsand those of otherpersons. Its vocabularyand concernsare popular and among social scientistsandpractitioners, role conceptshave generateda lot of research. At least five perspectives may be discriminatedin recent work organizational, within the field: functional, symbolic interactionist,structural, andcognitive role theory. Much of role researchreflectspracticalconcernsand derivedconcepts, and researchon four such concepts is reviewed:consensus, conformity, role conflict, and role taking. Recent developmentssuggest both centrifugal and integrative forces within the role field. The former reflect differingperspectivalcommitmentsof scholars,confusions anddisagreements over use of role concepts, andthe fact thatrole theoryis used to analyzevarious forms of social system. The latterreflect the shared,basic concernsof the field and efforts by role theorists to seek a broad version of the field that will accommodatea wide range of interests. INTRODUCTION Role theoryposes an intriguingdilemma. We will write a custom essay sample on Role Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the one hand, the conceptof role is one of the most popular ideas in the social sciences. At least 10% of all articles currently published in sociological journals use the term role in a reviews of social technicalsense, chapterson role theoryappearin authoritative psychology, essay volumes on role theory appearregularly, endless applications of role ideas may be found in basic texts for sociology and social 67 0360-0572/86/08 15-0067$02. 00 68 BIDDLE sychology, and role theoryprovides a perspectivefor discussing or studying persistin many social issues. On the otherhand, confusion and malintegration role theory. Authors continue to differ over definitions for the role concept, over assumptionsthey make about roles, and over explanationsfor role phenomena. And formalderivationsfor role propositionshave been hardto find. This dilemma has promptedsome authorsto write damningreviews of role theory. Nevertheless, substantialreasons exist for the popularityof the role concept. Role theory exhibits an agreed-uponset of core ideas, and empirical researchthatuses these ideas flowers. The philosophicalstanceof role theoryis attractiveand useful in efforts to amelioratehuman problems. Role theory offers opportunities to integrate key interests of researchersin sociology, also suggestthatexplanapsychology, and anthropology. Recentcontributions tion in role theory is now becoming more formal. Consequently,the focus of this essay is moreupon synthesisthancriticismof the field. I review ideas basic of to role theory, examinetreatment these ideas in severalperspectivesof social thought, and review empiricalresearchfor key issues in role theory. The essay ends with a discussion of issues and propositionaltheory for the field. BASIC IDEAS AND ORIENTATION of Role theory concerns one of the most importantcharacteristics social behavior-the fact that human beings behave in ways that are different and predictabledependingon theirrespectivesocial identitiesandthe situation. As the term role suggests, the theory began life as a theatrical metaphor. If and performancesin the theaterwere differentiated predictablebecause actors for were constrainedto performparts which scriptswere written, then it seemed reasonableto believe that social behaviorsin othercontexts were also by associatedwith partsand scriptsunderstood social actors. Thus, role theory and may be said to concernitself with a triadof concepts:patterned characteristic social behaviors, partsor identitiesthatare assumedby social participants, and scriptsor expectationsfor behaviorthatare understood all and adhered by to by performers. Confusion entered role theory because its basic theatricalmetaphorwas applied only loosely and because its earliest proponents (Georg Simmel, George HerbertMead, RalphLinton, and JacobMoreno)differedin the ways they used role terms. Unfortunately,these differencespersistin currentliterature. Thus, whereas some authorsuse the term role to refer to characteristic behaviors(Biddle 1979, Burt 1982), othersuse it to designatesocial partsto be played (Winship Mandel 1983), andstill othersoffer definitionsthatfocus on scripts for social conduct (Bates Harvey 1975, Zurcher 1983). Although these differences appearsubstantial,the problemis more terminologicalthan substantive. Agreementpersistsamongrole theoriststhatthe basic concernsof   the orientationare with characteristic behaviors,partsto be played, and scripts for behavior. For convenience, in this essay I shall designate these basic concepts of role theory by the familiar terms of role, social position, and expectation, respectively. Somewhatmoreseriousaredisagreements role theoristsoverthe modality by of expectationspresumablyresponsiblefor roles. Whereasmanyrole theorists assumethatexpectationsare norms(i. e. prescriptivein nature),othersassume them to be beliefs (referringto subjective probability), and still others view them as preferences (or attitudes). Each mode of expectationgeneratesroles for somewhat different reasons, so different versions of role theory result, dependingon the mode of expectationassumed. (LaterI will arguethatall three modes should be retained. ) Even more serious is the retention, in role theory, of concepts whose definitions involve improbable,undetectable,or contradictory conditions. To illustratethis latterproblem, one influentialsourcedefines a role as aparticularset of normsthatis organizedabouta function(Bates Harvey1975: 106). Anotherdescribes role as a comprehensive patternfor behaviorand attitude (Turner1979: 124). And still anotherconceives role as behaviorreferringto normativeexpectationsassociatedwith a position in a social system(Allen van de Vliert 1984a: 3). These definitionsoverlap, but each adds one or more conditionsnot given in the others. This leaves the readerin confusionover how to conceptualize or study events that do not meet these conditions. Are patterned behaviorsthen not roles when they arenot associatedwith a function, not tied to attitudes, or not associated with norms or social positions? Role theory would be betteroff if its majorproponentscould be persuadedto agree upon, or better yet, to eschew, such limiting conditions. Although role theorists differ in the assumptions they build into basic and concepts, they arelargely similarin philosophicorientation in the methods used for theirresearch. Most versions of role theorypresumethatexpectations are the majorgeneratorsof roles, thatexpectationsarelearnedthroughexperience, andthatpersonsare awareof the xpectationsthey hold. This meansthat role theorypresumesa thoughtful,socially awarehumanactor. As a result,role theorists tend to be sympathetic to other orientationsthat presume human awareness-for example, cognitive and field theories in social psychology or in exchange theoryandphenomenologicalapproaches sociology. And because of this sympathy, role theorists also tend to adopt the methods of research prevalent in these orientations,particularlymethods for observing roles and those thatrequireresearchsubjectsto report theirown or others expectations. Given its basic focus, one might assume that empirical research by role theorists would focus on the origins, dynamics, and effects of roles, social positions, and expectations. Surprisingly,this has not been the case. Instead, much of role researchhas concernedpracticalquestionsand derivedconcepts 70 BIDDLE such as role conflict, role taking, role playing, or consensus. The practical concernsof role researchhave been both a blessing anda curse. On the positive side, they have broughtattentionto role theory and funds for needed research efforts. On the negative, they have tendedto expand and confuse the application of role ideas. This has led to widespreadadoptionof the role vocabularyas well as the generation of new concepts that might not have appearedhad researchbeen more focused. But formal developmentof the theory has suffered, and role theoristsoften have workedat cross-purposes. In addition,the fact that role concepts have been employed by scholarsrepresentingseveral differenttheoreticalperspectiveshas meantthat, in the views of some authors, roletheoryis merely an expressionof those perspectives. This has led some reviewersto praise or damnrole theorybecause they approveor disapproveof the perspective with which they associate it-failing to recognize that role concepts are employed for various purposesby other social scientists. These problemsareseriousones, androle theorywill prosperin the futureto theextent that it adopts its own distinctive theoreticalorientation,one that stands apart fromthe theoreticalperspectiveswith which it has been historicallyassociated. As suggested above, interestin role theoryhas appearedin some of the central arenas of sociology and social psychology. Five such perspectives are discriminatedhere. Functional Role Theory The functionalapproach role theorybeganwith the workof Linton(1936) but to was not formalized until the publicationsof Parsons (1951; Parsons Shils 1951). In general, functional role theory has focused on the characteristic behaviorsof personswho occupy social positionswithina stablesocial system. Rolesare conceived as the shared,normativeexpectationsthatprescribeand explain these behaviors. Actors in the social system have presumablybeen taughtthese normsandmay be counteduponto conformto normsfor theirown conduct and to sanction others for conformityto normsapplyingto the latter. Thus, functionalrole theorybecame a vocabularyfor describingthe differentiated partsof stable social systems as well as a vehicle for explaining why those systems are stable and how they induce conformity in participants. A recent work thatrepresentsthe thoughtof functionalrole theoryis the text as by Bates.