Issues Surrounding The Treatment Of Patients Social Work Essays

Issues Surrounding The Treatment Of Patients Social Work Essays Issues Surrounding The Treatment Of Patients Social Work Essay Issues Surrounding The Treatment Of Patients Social Work Essay Health Services for Peoples with Learning Disabilities ( Department of Health, 1992 ) and Mental Health: National Service Framework, ( Department of Health, 1999 ) , The common subjects and issues that underpin this policy construction, include: advancing collaborative working between mainstream mental wellness services and specialist acquisition disablement services ; leting people with larning disablements to entree mainstream mental wellness services wherever possible but making little specializer inmate services for those whose demands can non be met by mainstream services, implementing a changing function for specializer larning disablement services to supplying support and facilitation for mainstream services including supplying mainstream mental wellness and attention staff with equal preparation on the demands of people with learning disablement ; using a attention programme attack for people with learning disablement and mental wellness jobs and making mental wellness publi city stuffs which are made accessible for people with a learning disablement. Advice is available to assist care suppliers and staff support people with larning disablements in accessing mainstream mental wellness attention scenes ( Hardy et al, 2006 ) . The Green light toolkit ( Foundation for People with larning disablements et Al, 2004 ) is one illustration of a counsel papers that demonstrates how policy construction and specific policies are being implemented in pattern. It is used throughout England as an audit tool to mensurate how the National Service Framework for mental wellness ( Department of Health, 1999 ) is being implemented for people with learning disablements. The toolkit provides a gilded criterion that can be used by local mainstream mental wellness services to mensurate services against. It offers a traffic visible radiation hiting system and provides counsel on how services can be improved, covering countries such as local partnerships, planning, accessing services, attention planning and work force planning. After a green light toolkit a ppraisal, each local country should develop an betterment program from the action points identified and have a clip frame to implement the necessary alterations. Anecdotal grounds from observations in pattern suggest that the green light tool kit is still being used in pattern today but similar countries for betterment are identified clip and clip once more such as entree to wellness promotional stuffs in apprehensible formats. This would propose that although appraisals of services are being undertaken the results of these appraisals and action points are non being carried frontward into pattern. The Disability Rights Commission ( Disability rights committee, 2006 ) supports this position by stating that old counsel paperss intended to assist people with larning disablements gain entree to mainstream wellness services have had limited consequence. A working group from the royal montage of head-shrinkers ( Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1996 ) acknowledged that enabling people with larning disablements to entree mainstream mental wellness services can be a complex and demanding undertaking necessitating input from specializers in the psychopathology of larning disablement. To react to this statement they have advocated two rules for the mental wellness nursing of people with larning disablements: joint working between mental wellness and larning disablement squads with the usage of Mainstream psychiatric installations at every possible chance every bit good as emphasizing that commissariats for specializer services are still to be available if needed. The independent authorities enquiry instigated by Death by Indifference ( Mencap, 2007 ) , while non widening to mental wellness services, promoted research into the experiences reported by people with larning disablements of acute mental wellness units. This provides a assorted image. The negative experiences are similar to concerns expressed by other patients. These include: deficiency of control and information ; larceny of belongings ; intimidating multi disciplinary meetings ; hapless nutrient and hapless attention. However the presence of larning disablements may change their significance for illustration, service users with larning disablements may happen it harder to understand information about their admittance and intervention, unless it is shared in a format which is appropriate to their cognitive and communicating accomplishments. Psychotropic medicine may farther impair already hapless cognitive operation and may stand for an extra restriction on persons capacity to und erstand and take an active portion in their intervention. Relatives and paid carers are likely to hold a much more important and long-standing function in back uping the service user than would be the instance with other grownups with mental wellness jobs, Often a individual with a acquisition disablement has specific modus operandis that merely person near like a carer would cognize and following these modus operandis can do nursing them much easier. this is something to which mainstream services in peculiar seem to pay small attending. Not emphasizing engagement with carers in peculiar with a client from this group can take to either a deficiency of support for carers or carers experiencing pushed away by services and left without a function which in itself can take to the presentation of depression and low temper in the carer. ( Scior and Longo, 2005 ) Finally, the hazard that marks and symptoms of mental wellness jobs will be misattributed to a individual s acquisition disableme nt ( diagnostic overshadowing ) is specific to this group. These issues need to be considered by practicians nevertheless, grounds indicates that healthcare professionals frequently lack the cognition, accomplishments and experience necessary to run into the health care needs of people with learning disablements. ( Fraser, 1999 ) The Royal College of Nursing ( Royal College of Nursing, 2008 ) commented that the recent development of an outlook of the mainstream mental wellness services to react to the demands of the bulk of people with larning disablements and co-morbid mental unwellness has frequently proved an unrealistic end for the mental wellness nurse. It has been proven that particular expertness and preparation every bit good as the usage of specialist mental wellness squads are required for the appraisal, diagnosing and intervention of mental unwellness in the acquisition handicapped population. Although it is theoretically possible to develop staff in mainstream scenes, the little figure of instances gives small chance for staff in the assorted subjects to derive the necessary accomplishments. Additionally, mainstream mental wellness staff frequently feel that caring for this group of vulnerable people is non portion of their function, and the resources of big mental wellness services are already stretched ( Day, 1988 ) . The support deductions that arose from such a monolithic displacement in service duty that came out of the execution of the mainstreaming attack neer seem to hold been adequately addressed ( Bouras et al, 1995 ) Collaborative working between professional groups in health care is critical across the board for bettering criterions of attention for patients and their carers ( Pollard,2004 ) . In relation to this professional competitions between mental wellness and larning disablements squads are common and the apprehension of each other s function is hapless taking to chiefly uneffective collaborative working ( Bouras et al, 1995 ) There has besides been no evident or unequivocal dialogue between the two service squads in the UK to develop clear local operational policies or service understandings and merely obscure definitions of who is entitled to entree which service exist, which can sometimes take to a patient having inappropriate intervention, being bounced between services or, in rare instances, even being denied attention wholly as neither squad is willing to take duty for that patients attention. Distinguishing between psychiatric upsets and behavioral issues in people with larning disablements is non ever a straightforward procedure. Both empirical and conceptual issues associating to the nature of such behavioral upsets question both the cogency and dependability of a diagnosing of mental unwellness in a individual who has a learning disablement ( Krose et Al, 2000 ) This raises the inquiry what does a nurse dainty foremost? As with double diagnosing of a drug dependence and mental unwellness, in many instances the drug job needs to be tackled foremost before the full extent of the mental unwellness can be seen ( Drake,2007 ) .However, with a learning disablement this is non a possibility as a acquisition disablement is a long standing status that can non be treated. The inquiry is hence, is the behavior being exhibited by a patient due to their mental wellness jobs or the learning disablement? When a individual with a acquisition disablement requires admittance to hospital due to a psychiatric unwellness, the first aim is to hold on whether the general or learning disablement head-shrinker acts as the responsible clinician. The admittance of a individual with larning disablement frequently happens as a last resort in response to an exigency that can non be managed elsewhere such as in the community or via the usage or reprieve services. The community larning disablement squad should be able to offer some preparation to nursing staff or even transport out specific pieces of work straight with the patient. The allotment of a named nurse is highly of import and, if available, person with particular accomplishments or involvement should be appointed in order to develop a more effectual curative confederation with the patient. The increased exposure of people with larning disablements to mistreat even during admittance should be considered and protection from this possible hazard given. This may necessitate to be in the signifier of separation from high-risk patients or an increased degree of nursing observation such as is policy with under 18s admitted to adult acute psychiatric units. In all instances, the importance of coaction with the acquisition disablement squad should be stressed. This becomes peculiarly of import during discharge planning. In the scenario of an admittance under a Mental Health Section, people with learning disablement and mental wellness jobs are entitled to all the commissariats of the Care Programme Approach and Section 117 after-care. It is besides indispensable that mental wellness nurses have a good working cognition of mental wellness jurisprudence and statute law. Experiences from clinical pattern have demonstrated that frequently mental wellness statute law is misused or disregarded for people with co morbid acquisition disablements which denies them the precautions and protection of the jurisprudence that statute law such as the mental wellness act was designed to set in topographic point ( Mental Health Act, 1983 ) . The relevant statute law should be applied to this group of people if and when it is appropriate to make so and the same classs of detainment used as for other persons sing mental sick wellness. Although it is of import to observe that a individual with a learning disablement can still be sectioned if it is deemed they behave abnormally sharply or earnestly irresponsibly, without any marks of mental unwellness it is hence of import to find that that there be existent mental wellness jobs presen t if a individual is admitted under subdivision to a mainstream mental wellness infirmary. Assessment is a specific portion of the nursing procedure where mental wellness nurses can fight when covering with people with larning disablements For illustration, The Mental State Examination, which constitutes an indispensable constituent of the preparation procedure and is indispensable for measuring hazard and explicating a intervention program, may be debatable. This could be for a figure of grounds, including high rates of conformity or an avidity to delight in certain interview state of affairss ( Sigelman et al, 1982 ) . Moss argues that people with learning disablements are besides less likely to kick or near members of staff to inquire for aid which may farther perplex the Assessment and hazard direction procedure. ( Moss,1999 ) Simple linguistic communication and direct oppugning including communicating and in depth treatment with carers could be a manner to get the better of this trouble. Higher degrees of nursing observation may besides be utile, non merely in guarant ing a individual s safety on the ward but besides in giving critical information sing a individual s mental province ( Appleby,1999 ) ( Gibson, 2007 ) highlighted some cardinal factors that nurses without specialist preparation may happen complicate effectual appraisal and intercession The two chief factors that affect mental wellness nurses are: rational deformation, which may ensue from cognitive shortages in countries such as memory and concentration which can do comprehension and communicating of ideas and feelings hard ; and Cognitive decomposition, which can happen in state of affairss where the individual is overwhelmed by the anxiousness of the demands being placed on them, ensuing in an inability to soldierly ideas and bizarre behavior Communication is cardinal to doing a sound and accurate appraisal. It is estimated that upwards of 50 % of people with larning disablements have important communicating troubles ( Matson, 1998 ) A nurse demands to turn to the peculiar communicating demands of each person as each will change in their abilities, This is another point in which collaborative working becomes really of import as if the individual is involved with a acquisition disablements squad, that squad may be able to supply the nurse with accurate information about the degrees of a individual s communicating and how best to pull off these issues. Many of the jobs in relation to direction of people with larning disablement by mental wellness nurses relate to the deficiency of cognition accomplishments and preparation ( Lennox A ; Chaplin, 1995 ) . Evidence suggests that qualified nurses on a regular basis feel out of their deepness and unsupported when covering with this client group and observations in pattern indicate a certain sum of turning away tactics from mental wellness nurses when it comes to volunteering for the named nurse axial rotation which could be due to a deficiency of assurance in this country. The current pre-registration nurse instruction programme for mental wellness nurses was originally validated by the English National Board ( English National Board,2000 ) , and the course of study follows the Nursing and Midwifery Councils Fitness For Practice Guidelines ( United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting,1999 ) , which states that pupils set abouting pre-registration programmes must hold certain other fortes included. However, larning disablement, as either a practical or theoretical constituent of the subdivision programme, is non one of them. With authorities policy ( Department of Health, 2001 ) saying that people with larning disablements should wherever possible entree generic services, there would look to be the demand for a more specific and in-depth attack to larning disablement instruction for all pupils throughout their pre-registration instruction. Experiences from local preregistration nurse instruction show that presently nursing instruction provides a 12- month common foundation programme for nurses who intend to develop in all countries of nursing including Adult, Mental wellness, Midwifery, kid and learning disablement nursing. Although non required by the NM, Learning disablement theory is taught but arrangements in this country are non common. After common foundation period of preparation, pupil nurse instruction in mental wellness has little or no farther chances to derive learning disablement experience. Comparisons with larning disablements mental wellness can be made to both kid and adolescent mental wellness, every bit good as to older people s psychopathology in that they are both specialist groups with their ain issues and mental wellness nurses are expected to analyze these client groups in item during their subdivision preparation in order to go familiar with the complexnesss of this type of mental wellness nursing. As these countries are compulsory fortes in order to run into the demands of making as a mental wellness nurse ( English National Board, 2000 ) and, coupled with the authorities s policy for people with larning disablements to entree generic mental wellness services, it would look indispensable that mental wellness nurses address the forte of people who have larning disablements and extra mental wellness jobs during their pre-registration instruction as they do with other specific patient groups. Many senior mental wellness nurses have received no larning disablement preparation at all. This deficiency of preparation may ensue in jobs with communicating and apprehension, every bit good as negative attitudes toward people with learning disablement. On the impudent side, nurses in larning disablement have likewise limited preparation in the country of mental wellness, although there are freshly available post-registration classs. One such class gives an experient nurse from either ramify a six month endorsement to the other nursing subject which is backed up by 2 faculties of theory. Anecdotal grounds gained from talking to a mental wellness nurse who has late completed this class has shown that general nursing accomplishments that every nurse should be competent in upon making can be transferred across the board to other subdivisions of nursing. The feeling of this nurse is that presently, mental wellness mainstream services see merely those with mild or marginal learning disa blements coming into the service and the appraisal and intervention procedure for these people is non much different to that of non larning handicapped people. Currently specializer services provide the bulk of attention for the patients with more complex demands. ( Scior and Longo, 2005 ) In decision the grounds presented in this essay suggests a figure of issues that need to be addressed if mental wellness nurses are to run into the demands of their clients with a carbon monoxide morbid larning disablement efficaciously. There are: pre and Post enrollment preparation for mental wellness nurses, collaborative working between the mental wellness and larning disablement squads and proviso and entree to services. It seems that specializer larning disablement in-patient units with a mental wellness focal point offer a more positive experience for the patient than mainstream mental wellness units, and hence should be developed farther ( Scior and Longo, 2005 ) . However, realistically mainstream services are extremely likely to go on to supply attention for this group, if merely because of the resource restrictions in specializer services and the fact that 30 % of NHS trusts provide no specializer admittance installations ( Bailey A ; Cooper, 1997 ) . There seems a demand now for major alterations to be made to the constructions and daily patterns in these services. Such alterations should include enterprises to advance more positive attitudes and behavior towards persons with acquisition disablements through preparation and regular input from specializer larning disablements services. Closer attending must be paid to the demand to do information about diagnosing and interventions accessible, in media such as cusps utilizing simple linguistic communication pictures and audio information ( Forster et al, 2001 ) and the demand for stronger engagement of and co-operation with service users regular carers. Current pattern experience has shown nevertheless that in the most portion mental wellness services in this country merely seem to come into contact with patients who have a boundary line or mild learning disablement as there is a big supply of specializer beds. Currently merely in rare instances would mainstream mental wellness units be acknowledging a individual with terrible or profound acquisition disablements whereby little changes to pattern and movable nursing accomplishments would non be plenty to give that patient the best attention available. Referances Appleby L ( 1999 ) National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by Peoples with Mental Illness. Department of Health Bailey NM A ; Cooper SA ( 1997 ) The current proviso of specializer wellness services to people with larning disablements in England and Wales. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 41 52-9. Bouras, N. , Holt, G. A ; Gravestock, S. ( 1995 ) Community attention for people with larning disablements: shortages and future programs. Psychiatric bulletin, 19, 134-137. Day, K. ( 1988 ) Services for psychiatrically disordered mentally disabled grownups. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 14,19-25. Department of Health ( 2001 ) Valuing Peoples: A New Strategy for Learning Disability for the twenty-first Century. The Stationery Office, London. Department of Health ( 1999 ) mental wellness: national service model, The Stationery Office, London. Department of Health ( 1992 ) Health Services for Peoples with Learning Disabilities ( Mental Handicap ) . HSG ( 92 ) 42. London: Department of Health. Disability Rights Commission ( 2006 ) Equal Treatment: Closing the Gap. Final Report of a Formal Investigation into Health Inequalities. DRC, London. Drake, R E, 2007. Double diagnosing of major mental unwellness and substance upset: An overview. New Directions for Mental Health Services, [ Online ] . 50, 3-12. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/yd.23319915003/abstract [ Accessed 20 November 2010 ] . English National Board ( ENB ) ( 2000 ) Education in Focus. Strengthening Pre-registration Nursing and Midwifery Education.Curriculum Guidence. Part 13 of the Professional Register. ENB, London. Forster M, Wilkie B, Strydom A, Edwards C A ; Hall I ( 2001 ) Medication Information Leaflets. London: Elfrida Press. Foundation for people with larning disablements, valuing people support squad and national institute for mental wellness in England ( 2004 ) Green visible radiation: how good are your mental wellness services for people with larning disablements? A service betterment toolkit, London: Foundation for people with larning disablements Fraser, B. ( 1999 ) Psychopharmacology and people with learning disablement. Progresss in Psychiatric Treatment, 5, 471-477. Fraser W. A ; Nolan M. ( 1995 ) Psychiatric upsets in mental deceleration. In: Mental Health in Mental Retardation ; Recent Advances and Practices ( ed Bouras, N. ) , pp. 79-92. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Gibson, T, 2007. Peoples with larning disablements in mental wellness scenes. Mental Health Practice, 12/7, 30-33. Hardy S, Chaplin E, Woodward P ( 2007 ) Mental Health Nursing of Adults with Learning Disabilities. Royal College of Nursing, London. Hardy S, Woodward P, Woolard P et Al ( 2006 ) Meeting the Health Needs of People with Learning Disabilities. Royal College of Nursing, London. Hassiotis A, Strydom A, Hall I et al ( 2008 ) Psychiatric morbidity and societal operation among grownups with marginal intelligence life in private families. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 52, 2, 95-1-6. Krose B. , Dewhurst D. A ; Holmes G. ( 2000 ) Diagnosis and drugs: aid or hindrance when people with larning disablements have psychological jobs? British Journal of Learning Disabilities 29, 26-33. Lennox, N. A ; Chaplin, R. H. ( 1995 ) . Intellectual disablement: the positions of psychiatric trainees. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 29, 632-637. Matson, JL. and Bamburg, J. dependability of the appraisal of double diagnosing ( ADD ) , research in developmental disablements 20,89-95 Mencap ( 2007 ) Death by Indifference. Mencap, London. Moss S. ( 1999 ) Appraisal of mental wellness jobs. Tizard Learning Disability Review 42, 14-19. Government of England ( 1983 ) The Mental Health Act. Stationary Office, London. Nirje, B. ( 1976 ) The standardization rule and its human direction deductions. In Normalisation, Social Integration and Community Services ( eds R. J. Flynn A ; K. E. Nitsch ) . Baltimore, MD: University Park Press. Pollard, KC, 2004. Collaborative acquisition for collaborative working? Initial findings from a longitudinal survey of wellness and societal attention pupils. Health A ; Social Care in the Community, 12,4, 346-

Popular Food - Mandarin Chinese Vocabulary

Popular Food - Mandarin Chinese Vocabulary Chinese food is one of the most popular types of cuisine worldwide. Its no wonder! Chinese food is tasty, healthy, and the wide variety means theres something for every taste. As with many cultural exports, the names of some Chinese dishes have changed by the time they arrived in other countries. So if you visit China or Taiwan, you may find that the names of dishes are unfamiliar. List of Popular Chinese Food Names If you visit a Mandarin-speaking country, this list of popular Chinese food dishes will help when it comes time to ordering food. The items have been roughly arranged by type of food. Click on the links in the Pinyin column to hear the audio. English Pinyin Characters boiled dumplings shu jio sticky buns mn tou steamed stuffed bun bo zi fried noodles cho min plain noodles yng chn min fried rice noodles cho m fn steamed white rice bi fn sushi shu s vegetarian platter s sh jn white radish patty lubo go spicy tofu m p dufu beef and rice niru fn egg omelet dn bng chicken leg and rice j tu fn Peking duck bi jing koy pork chop and rice pig fn fish cooked in soy sauce hng sho y fried rice with shrimp xi rn cho fn crab png xi egg and vegetable soup dnhutng seaweed soup z ci tng hot and sour soup sun l tng

German Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

German - Essay Example France recorded its objection to the relative of King of Prussia, Wilhelm I becoming the King of Spain. Bismarck’s plans to make the French humiliated worked well and to avenge the insult France declared war. Majority of the countries supported Bismarck and dubbed Napoleon III as the aggressor. This war united the German States for a common cause to defeat France. The Germans had the advantage of infrastructure. Mentioning about the industrial mite of Germany Geoffrey Wawro writes, â€Å"France gaped in astonishment. Almost overnight, a rather small and manageable neighbor had become an industrial and military colossus.†(17) They had developed an efficient railway system, felicitating quick transport of men and material and an efficient telegraph system for communications. On August 4, the Prussian army entered the French territory, and in the next four weeks they had won the war. The day was 1st September when Germans Captured Napoleon III and 100,000 of French troops. Soon the siege of Paris commenced. The war came to end with the signing of armistice with Germany on January 28, 1871 and finally the Treaty of Frankfurt in the month of May, the same year. The economic unification of Germany was followed by political unification. France lost both on political and economic fronts. They had to concede a large chunk of their territory Alsace and Lorraine to Germany besides $1,000,000,000 as indemnity payable within three

Philosophy Cultural Relativism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosophy Cultural Relativism - Essay Example The technological boom, having emerged to satisfy the society's thirst for innovativeness and easier life, deprived the society of its basic functions - live communication, connection with the reality, building relationships; product variety deprived the planet of huge amount of its resources, destroyed natural habitats and left the poor countries unable to meet their basic needs; the U.S. economy actually lost from the consumerism behavior, because as people were becoming "shopaholics" they started to take more and more bank credits as they could not satisfy their previous loans, thus living a life "on credit"; personal happiness became a transitory state of mind. The creation of cell phones, computers, mp3-players, I-pods, the Internet, TV - all of those items changed the lives of our predecessors so much that they lost their sense of reality. The human himself lost his ability to communicate freely and build real social relationships. One started to prefer cell phone calls, virtual chats, I-net calls as they were more convenient. He did not need to travel to meet the person he wanted to talk with. He did not need to sacrifice the cosiness of his own home or office.

Study Guided Essay Example for Free

Study Guided Essay List and explain the five basic functions common to national governments throughout the world. The five basic functions common to national governments throughout the world are to establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty. Providing justice means to ensure fairness to all people, insuring domestic tranquility to keep peace, provide for the common defense meaning provide an army to defend against attack, promoting the general welfare meaning to ensure health and needed things, and securing the blessings of liberty meaning to keep all rights of the people secure. 2. Define government and define politics. Government is the system by which a nation, state or community is controlled under. Politics is the activities associated with the government of a country or area. List and explain four common challenges to democracy. One of the four common challenges to democracy is the fact that representatives elected by the people may not really be the most capable for forming a government; not all people know what the best way of government is or who is most capable of running it. Another is the fact that the people elected to govern may compromise the interest of the public to serve their own interests. Another of the four common challenges to democracy is the size of a democratic government; it is often very large, which can lead to conflict and gridlock. Finally, since a government is dependent on the votes of the people, the members may simply take short-term actions that will help them get elected, rather than actions which will help the nation for the long run. 4. How is public policy determined and implemented? [pic] a. How does a person’s problem become a policy issue? b. List the four linkage institutions and identify how each one connects the policy issue with policymaking institutions. c. List the four Policy Making (PM) institutions. Explain each, as well as their collective role in the PM System. This electoral plan was democratic, but not at all completely democratic. It was democratic in such a way that the people have a say in who becomes president and get to vote on it. It was not completely democratic, however, because of the fact that they were not directly voting on candidates and because technically, their votes meant nothing in the case of a faithless elector. 8. What has since changed? How? The electoral college still elects the president every four years, but it no longer has all of the say in who becomes president like it used to. 9. Who determined the eligibility for voting in federal elections? At the time of the Constitution’s ratification, who was eligible to vote? The Federal Elections Commission determined the eligibility for voting in federal elections. At the time of the Constitution’s ratification, only white males who owned land were eligible to vote in these federal elections. 10. Identify the influences of John Locke on the founding fathers and analyze how his social contract influenced our founding documents. Be sure to identify the terms â€Å"social contract†, â€Å"natural rights†, â€Å"consent of the governed† and â€Å"popular sovereignty†. John Locke had a profound influence on political philosophy; especially on modern liberalism. He argued supporting the social contract, an agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social beliefs.

Dead Men Do Tell Tales Essay -- William R. Maples Forensic Anthropolog

Dead Men Do Tell Tales In the book, Dead Men Do Tell Tales, by William R. Maples, Ph.D. and Michael Browning, a story is told in how the dead, no matter how dead, still â€Å"talk† to us. The book is appropriately titled because, according to Dr. Maples, truth is discoverable, truth wants to be discovered (2). Dr. Maples tells us of what it is like to be a Forensic Anthropologist. Dr. Maples does not hold anything back in any of his descriptions, from the smell of corpses to the explanations of maggots. Dead Men Do Tell Tales is a complete engrossing journey into the world of Forensic Anthropology and the science of bones. The book is well organized and easy to follow. The story is not from some published medical work containing lengthy medical terminology. The book is best described as the story of Dr. Maples career and interesting encounters it entailed. The book is a total of 292 pages. The book is organized into 16 chapters, each appropriately titled for the subject and stories that it contains. One could only wish that all story tellers could be as good as Dr. Maples. The first chapter, â€Å"Every Day Is Halloween†, gives a preview of the book and talks about the nightmares that he seldom has. â€Å"They are usually flitting images of the everyday things I see on the job: crushed and perforated skulls, lopped-off limbs and severed heads, roasted and dissolving corpses, hanks of human hair and heaps of white bones – all in a day’s work at my office† (1). In this part of the book, we learn of Dr. Maples' life and how it came to include the fascinating world of anthropology. It is in this chapter that Dr. Maples proves his credibility that he knows what he is talking about. He tells of his upbringing with strict moral val... ...anything. I think that the book is so fasinating cause he doesn’t try to put a rated â€Å"R† subject into a â€Å"PG-13† book, after all we live in a rated â€Å"R† world, whether we like it or not. He helps to illustrate his world in all different varieties, I believe that is why the chapters were broken down the way there were. Dr. Maples includes so many fascinating experiences and resolutions to his investigations that even I was able to stay interested to the last page. The class helped out a lot in reading this book because I was able to easily follow his explanations of the skeleton, from differences between male and female skeletons, the different bones that were being talked about, the dental records, and a lot about the skull, like skull features, cranial sutures, and orbital features. I only wish all school books assigned could be as interesting as this one.

Jeepney Racing

Most of the rules are chosen to reflect what the real-world consequences would be of each player action and decision. Abstract games cannot be completely divided from simulations and so games can be thought of as existing on a continuum of almost pure abstraction to almost pure simulation. [1] Technologies such as smart phones have always been a great entertainment and past time to man. In the beginning, cellular phones are used for communication such as making calls and messaging capabilities. As the time goes by, the innovation of cell phones added more PDA-like features and even computer like.The result was the smart phone. Mobile applications are becoming popular when it comes to features. There are many people who are into gaming on their mobile phones, because it is more portable than Personal Computers and Laptops. Mobile Applications now exist in smart phones. [2] There are lots of games genres available now in the market, and one of them is a strategy simulation game. It att empts to copy activities from real world in the form of a game for some purposes like tutorial, exercise, training, analysis or prediction.Jeep Racing is a Strategy simulation game that can be played in single or multi- player game. We will use some Metro manila landmarks for the background of the game. It will load and unload passengers in order to gain points but the player should follow the traffic rules and regulation. It will cause a deduction to the points if he commits any traffic violation. In multi-player game, the first player to finish the goal wins. Project Description According to the article of Nellie entitled Jeep: Blessing or Curse?He stated that jeep nowadays instead of being the blessing that it had been in the past 60 years, has become an archaic relic of the past, an invention that had its day, and should be encased in a museum of Philippine history. Due to lack of discipline and knowledge f and obedience to traffic rules and regulations and signs, it is the main cause of the horrible Metro Manila traffic. [4] The project introduces a game about how being discipline drivers and passengers would help each and every one of us.The player should follow all the Traffic Rules or else he/she will have a violation and deduction from his points. The player should also follow the maximum capacity of passenger. There will be a specific Jeep bay for loading and unloading of the passengers. Project Objectives: General objective To develop a strategy simulation game, multi-player and single-player for android hat foresees the possible effect of traffic when not following rules and regulation and at the same time inform the players the current traffic situation here in metro manila.Specific objective To provide information to the players about importance and meaning of traffic road signs by showing banners periodically. To inform the drivers and passenger on what are the possible effect of traffic in different situations. Target Audience The project's tar get audience will be the passengers of the Jeep and those people who owned a public and private vehicle. Our target audience will be people king 17 and above. The group decided with the age of 17 and above, because these are the people who usually use Jeep as their transportation in school, works and etc.In these ages, the group can provide the importance and meaning of traffic road. Significance of the Study Due to traffic problems in the Philippines that becoming worst everyday especially when it's rush hour, the group have decided to develop a game wherein the users would be able to identify some of the causes of traffic. The users would be able to realize how important being a discipline Filipino and how one Filipino can change meeting really big in his/her small action such as being a good follower to the traffic rules, regulations and signs.Jeep Racing was mainly created to provide information for drivers and passengers about the traffic rules and regulation. Users of this gam e will not only have fun playing but also be knowledgeable what to do in different situations when they are in the road. Scope and Limitations The game will be developed on an Android platform using Construct 2 on 2- Dimensional graphics. The game will be made to give information to the players especially to the passengers and drivers about the traffic rules and regulation.It can be played in a single player and multilayer game mode. In single player mode, the goal of the player is to get as many scores as he can by loading and unloading passenger without committing Accidents or Traffic violations. Multi-player mode will be played on two different devices, View shared and Wi-If Operational. There will be a time limit for the multi-player mode wherein each player must acquire scores by loading and unloading passengers. Committing any violations or accidents will deduct from there points.The maximum capacity of the passenger is 16 and the maximum violation is 3. The traffic rules and regulations included in our game can be seen in the appendix section. Minimum System Requirements: Processor 1 GHz Single Core Memory IAMB RAM Display size 3. 0 inches Resolution 280 Device Type Smart phone Operating System Jelly Bean Android Touchstones Capacitive, Multi-touch Conceptual Framework Review of Related Literature All the related information and games in an android platform will be discussed in this chapter.The information that the group will gather from these different games, will help us analyze each development of these games and apply it to our project. Three perspectives on strategy game design – Sorer Johnson, Brad Mir and Keith Burn are three different experts shared their knowledge about the significance in the design of strategy games, from transparency to decision-making and creating player investment and attachment. For Sorer Johnson, players of a strategy games should choose precisely and throw away their unexpected and random events, and various outc omes and breadth winning conditions.Even though there are a lot of outcomes players have, what important the most is what's on the player's mind, that they truly understand the rules and can able to think them clearly and that they agonize all their inputs and outcomes. Keith Burn was best known for phone rocklike 100 Rogues. For him, the main producer of value in strategy games is interesting decisions. His goal is to provide value quickly to players. He said that if players gave their time make sure that they won't regret spending it playing your game or they should be completely rewarded.Brad Mir wants to create a high degree of character attachment with the help of mechanics in Massive Chalice, because he was influenced by strategy games that include elements of character progression. He wanted to reduce problems to its simple essentials with 100 Rogues, but he doesn't know how to start doing it. What he did is that he started with a rocklike genre and then added tactics to the genre's kit design. He said that you can't Just add interesting decisions to a system; interesting decisions are a property of a really strong-built system.Players can be attached to the players that they're playing in strategy games and make personal stories with them. Losing their characters is a meaningful risk for them. [5] Related games Shopping Street This is a strategy game in which you will build your own mall. Every store has a capacity of customers who can shop. You can upgrade your store so many customers can shop at the same time. A customer who wants to shop in that store should wait. Relation of this game to our game is that there are also numbers of people who can enter a store. 6] Crazy Traffic Jam – This strategy simulation game comes with 3 levels of difficulty; you need to handle the traffic without committing any collisions. [7] Racing Motto This strategy game is a fast paced racing game. You never dare drive so fast in the real world. Control your Motto w ith incredible fast speed during traffic rush time! [8] Our game has the same view with this game which is the bird's eye view. We adopted the road of this game to our project.In order to win the highest score in this game, you have to achieve the longest distance without committing any accidents. In our game, you have to achieve the longest distance so you can gain points without violating any traffic rules and regulation. Temple Run This strategy game is fast paced racing games wherein you need to drive as fast as possible without committing accidents. [9] In this game you have to survive all the challenges that have been waiting for you in order to have a high score.The longer he distance that you run, the more points you gain. If the player fails to survive all the challenges, the demonic monkeys will eat him. It has the same view when the player swipe to the left or right. In our game, if the player taps the left or right button, the street or the background will change Just li ke how background of the temple run changes. Racing Cars ID A strategy racing game that will test your driving skills in difficult levels. In this game, players need to collect coins to upgrade their cars.The player should also avoid obstacles and other cars. When the player hits his car with other and wasn't able to void the obstacles, his health will be deducted. Just like in our game, if the player committed a violation, he will gain 1 x. When the player got 3 x, the game is over. In this game, the player needs to keep his car undamaged in a given time to win the game. Bench mark Description Jeep Racing Shopping Streets Sprites Jeepers, Cars, Passengers, Traffic Rules and Regulations Customers, Shops, Motor, Cars Cars Characters, Rope, Coins.Monkey Controls Tap, Swipe Tap -rap, Tilt Swipe Tap , tilt Scoring Achieve the farthest distance, load and unload the passengers on the proper loading ND unloading area Attract customers by building malls Get the farthest distance Number of C ars Successfully crossed the intersection Drive as fast as possible and get the farthest distance Acceleration Tapping the accelerator button. Holding the screen. Capacity Passengers Customers Game Mode Single Player, 2 Player Single Player Methodology This chapter tackles about how the application works.It contains game story, game play, game rationality and game assembly. Game story discusses the story from start to end of the game including the plot of the story. It contains different figures hat represent the flow of the application, visualized corrections of the game and its architecture. Gamely tackles about how the game will be played. Basically, gamely holds the actions that can be done by the player in the game to reach the objective of the game. Game rationality deals about the logic of the game which is how the game flows from the point where the application is started.Game assembly tackles about the requirements of the application and how the game responds to the user in puts. Gamely and Mechanics In single player mode, the player must acquire as many score as possible by adding and unloading passengers on the right bay without committing any violations and accidents will cause deduction on points and game over. In multi-player mode, the 2 players will play on different devices. The players will acquire points by loading and unloading passengers on a given time limit. The higher score will win the game.Pointing System Points Speed of the Jeep 1 pit per kip Loading passenger 100 points Unloading passenger Deduction Violations Unload passenger on the wrong bay. Accident/collision Game over. Software Methodology Planning phase It is the start of program development. In this phase, the group compiled and analyzed the research in related games and used the gathered information to be applied in the testing phase. The group checked for forums related to our game and listed things that we should avoid applying to our application.Analysis phase The group res earched about related game reviews. The game reviews will help the group determine significant features that can be included in the game and that will make the game better than any other. Design phase The group will focus our graphics and interface to what our target users want. The group will follow the game flow that the group has created. In the game, the group will give some trivia related to it and used Philippine based characters and plots. The group will also use Photos for the images and backgrounds.The group will code all the designs generated from the proponents of the game flow which must be followed sequentially. Implementation After our game has undergone series of tests and code refinements, we will now deploy the software into the Android smartened and tablet. We are going to upload the game on Google Play Store for primary resource. Users may download the game through the website and port it in their own gadget. Verifications will be performed o the testers to make s ure that the said features are working.Testing phase It is the part the group will initiate the beta testing where the group will play the game and test all the possible commands and inputs at the game. Any detected bugs or errors will be immediately fixed or use an error handling. Evaluation phase The group will start to initiate the alpha testing. It is where the group will release the created game to a select group of people and the players of the game will be given an evaluation form in a format of user acceptance test questionnaires. This will determine if the game will need some changes.

Antiphishing

Name: B. sreevidya Rno: 08491D5804 FINDIND & STOPING OF PHISHING ATTACKS THROUGH ONLINE ABSTRACT: Phishing is a new type of network attack where the attacker creates accurate copy of an existing web page to fool users ex submitting personal, financial, or password data to what they think is their service provider’s website. The concept is an anti-phishing algorithm, called the Link Guard, by utilizing the generic characteristics of the hyperlinks in phishing attacks. The link Guard algorithm is the concept for finding the phishing emails sent by the phisher to grasp the information of the end user.Link Guard is based on the careful analysis of the characteristics of phishing hyperlinks. Each end user is implemented with Link Guard algorithm. Existing System: 1) Detect and block the phishing Web sites in time: If we can detect the phishing Web sites in time, we then can block the sites and prevent phishing attacks. But it's difficult to find those phishing sites out in time . There are two methods for phishing site detection. a) The Web master of a legal Web site periodically scans the root DNS for suspicious sites. ) Since the phisher must duplicate the content of the target site, he must use tools to (automatically) download the Web pages from the target site. It is therefore possible to detect this kind of download at the Web server and trace back to the phisher. Drawbacks:-Many phishing attacks simply do not require a DNS name. For phishing download detection, clever phishers may easily write tools 2) Enhance the security of the web sites: The business Websites such as the Web sites of banks can take new methods to guarantee the security of users' personal information.There two method to enhance the security a) Using hardware devices: For example, a hand-held card reader b)Biometrics characteristic: e. g. voice, fingerprint, iris, etc. Drawbacks:-All these techniques need additional hardware and also will increase the cost. Therefore, it still need s time for these techniques to be widely adopted. Block the phishing e-mails by various spam filters: The phishers hide their identities when sending the spoofed e-mails, therefore, if anti-spam systems can determine whether an e-mail is sent by the announced sender the phishing attacks will be decreased dramatically.The techniques that preventing senders from counterfeiting their Send ID (e. g. SIDF of Microsoft) can defeat phishing attacks efficiently. SIDF is a combination of Microsoft's Caller ID for E-mail and the SPF (Sender Policy Framework). Both Caller ID and SPF check e-mail sender's domain name to verify if the e-mail is sent from a server that is authorized to send e-mails of that domain and from that to determine whether that e-mail use spoofed e-mail address. If it's faked, the Internet service provider can then determine that e-mail is a spam e-mail.The spoofed e-mails used by phishers are one type of spam e-mails. the spam filters can also be used to filter those phi shing e-mails. Spam filters are designed for general spam e-mails and may not very suitable for filtering phishing e-mails since they generally do not consider the specific characteristics of phishing attacks. 4) Install online anti-phishing software in user’s computers: Despite all the above efforts, it is still possible for the users to visit the spoofed Web sites. As a last defense, users can install anti-phishing tools in their computers.The anti-phishing tools in use today can be divided into two categories: blacklist/white list based and rule-based. a) When a user visits a Web site, the antiphishing tool searches the address of that site in a blacklist stored in the database. If the visited site is on the list, the anti-phishing tool then warns the users . They cannot prevent the attacks from the newly emerged (unknown) phishing sites. b) Uses certain rules in their software, and checks the security of a Web site according to these rules.Examples Spoof Guard and Trust W atch provide a toolbar in the browsers all the above defense methods are useful and complementary to each other, but none of them are perfect at the current stage. PROPOSED SYSTEM A. Classification of the hyperlinks in the phishing e-mails The hyperlinks used in the phishing e-mail into the following categories: 1) The hyperlink provides DNS domain names in the anchor text, but the destination DNS name in the visible link doesn't match that in the actual link. For instance, the following hyperlink: <a href= â€Å"http://www. profusenet. et/checksession. php†>https://secure. regionset. com/EBanking/logon/ </a> appears to be linked to secure. regionset. com, which is the portal of a bank, but it actually is linked to a phishing site www. profusenet. net. 2) Dotted decimal IP address is used directly in the URI or the anchor text instead of DNS name. For example. <a href= â€Å"http://61. 129. 33. 105/secured-site/www. skyfi. Com/ index. html? MfclSAPICommand=Sig nInFPP&UsingSSL= 1†³> SIGN IN </a> 3) The hyperlink is counterfeited maliciously by using certain encoding schemes.There are two cases: a) The link is formed by encoding alphabets into their corresponding ASCII codes. See below for such a hyperlink. <a href=†http://034%02E%0333%34%2E%311%39%355%2E%o340o31:%34%39%30%33/%6C/%69%6E%64%65%78%2E%68%74%6D†> www. citibank. com </a> While this link is seemed pointed www. citibank. com, it actually points to http://4. 34. 195. 41:34/l/index. htm. b) Special characters (e. g. (in the visible link) are used to fool the user to believe that the e-mail is from a trusted sender.For instance, the following link seems is linked to amazons, but it actually is linked to IP address 69. 10. 142. 34. http://www. amazon. com:[email  protected] 10. 142. 34. 4) The hyperlink does not provide destination information in its anchor text and uses DNS names in its URI. The DNS name in the URI usually is similar with a famous company or organization. For instance, the following link seems to be sent from PayPal, but it actually is not. Since paypal-cgi is actually registered by the phisher to let the users believe that it has something to do with paypal <a href= â€Å"http://www. aypal-cgi. us/webscr. php? Cmd=Login†> Click here to confirm your account </a> 5) The attackers utilize the vulnerabilities of the target Web site to redirect users to their phishing sites or to launch CSS (cross site scripting) attacks. For example, the following link <a href=†http://usa. visa. com/track/dyredirjsp? rDirl=http://200. 251. 251. 10/. verified/†> Click here <a> Once clicked, will redirect the user to the phishing site 200. 251. 251. 10 due to a vulnerability of usa. visa. com. B. LINK GUARD ALGORITHM:LinkGuard works by analyzing the differences between the visual link and the actual link. It also calculates the similarities of a URI with a known trusted site C. LI NK GUARD IMPLEMENTED CLIENT: It includes two parts: a whook. dll dynamic library and a LinkGuard executive. Whook is a dynamic link library; it is dynamically loaded into the address spaces of the executing processes by the operating system. Whook is responsible for collecting data, such as the called links and visual links, the user input URLs. LinkGuard is the key component of the implementation.It’s composed of 5 parts Comm: This collects the information of the input process, and sends these related information’s to the Analyzer. Database: Store the white list, blacklist, and the user input URLs. Analyzer: It is the key component of Link Guard, which implements the Link Guard algorithm; it uses data provided by Comm and Database, and sends the results to the Alert and Logger modules. Alerter: When receiving a warning message from Analyzer, it shows the related information to alert the users and send back the reactions of the user back to the Analyzer.Logger: Archive the history information, such as user events, alert information, for future use. Software And Hardware Specification HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS * Hard disk:20 GB and above * RAM:256 MB and above * Processor speed: 1. 6 GHz and above SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS * Operating System: Windows 2000/XP * Documentation Tool:Ms word 2000 * Technology used : jsp,servlets,Apache Tomact 5. 5 * Database : Oracle XE

Situation analysis coca cola essays

Situation analysis coca cola essays More and more people worldwide have to deal with obesity these days. This is increase in obesity is probably caused by a change in behaviour of food and beverage consumption. Nowadays, we eat and drink faster and more, because of the fact that we can eat and drink everywhere, anytime. Vending machines, fast food restaurants, take away restaurants, etc. are all examples of the fact that food is everywhere. We also have less time to eat together with our family members and make time for healthy cooking, many people buy ready-made or instant products. Obesity is not only caused by consumption of an increased amount of calories, but also by a decreased amount of body-exercise, physical activity and sports. People have more and more desk jobs, less time to join a sports club, children play more on their computer instead of outside, more than 80% of the parents bring their children to school by car, etc. Experts agreed upon the cause of obesity, a combination of what is stated above; a chronicle imbalance between the number of calories consumed and the number of calories used.. People gain more weight if they eat more calories than they burn. Some people are in action a whole day, so that their metabolism is running at full capacity. Others sit at a desk to work, take the car for every movement and like to watch TV at night, they are less lucky. We will have to make important choices: eat healthier, do more exercise or a little bit of both of them. The main problem is that our energy equilibrium is off-balance! A measurement for overweight that is used worldwide is the BMI , when this ratio is between 25 and 29.9, we talk of overweight and if it is more than 30, we talk of obesity. At this moment, there are an estimated 300 million obese adults worldwide (BMI>30), up from 200 million in 1995. 700 million more are overweight (25

The Difference Between Procedural and Substantive Law

The Difference Between Procedural and Substantive Law Procedural law and substantive law are the two primary categories of law in the dual U.S. court system. These two types of law play different but essential roles in protecting the rights of individuals in the United States criminal justice system. Key Terms Procedural law is the set of rules by which courts in the United States decide the outcomes of all criminal, civil, and administrative cases.  Substantive law describes how people are expected to behave according to accepted social norms.  Procedural laws govern how court proceedings dealing with the enforcement of substantive laws are conducted.   Two Categories of Law Substantive law - literally the â€Å"substance† of the law - governs how people are expected to behave according to accepted social norms. The Ten Commandments, for example, is a set of substantive laws. Today, substantive law defines rights and responsibilities in all court proceedings. In criminal cases, substantive law governs how guilt or innocence is to be determined, and how crimes are charged and punished. Procedural laws govern how court proceedings that deal with the enforcement of substantive laws are conducted. Since the primary object of all court proceedings is to determine the truth according to the best available evidence, procedural laws of evidence govern the admissibility of evidence and the presentation and testimony of witnesses. For example, when judges sustain or overrule objections raised by lawyers, they do so according to procedural laws. Both procedural and substantive law may be altered over time by Supreme Court rulings and constitutional interpretations. Application of Criminal Procedural Law While each state has adopted its own set of procedural laws, usually called a â€Å"Code of Criminal Procedure,† the basic procedures followed in most jurisdictions include: All arrests must be based on probable cause;Prosecutors file charges that must clearly spell out what crimes the accused person allegedly committed;The accused person is arraigned before a judge and given the opportunity to enter a plea - a statement of guilt or innocence;The judge asks the accused whether they need a court-appointed attorney or will supply their own attorney;The judge will either grant or deny the accused bail or bond and set an amount to be paid;An official notice to appear in court is delivered to the accused;If the accused and prosecutors cannot reach a plea bargain agreement, trial dates are set;If the accused person is convicted at trial, the judge advises them of their rights to appeal;In the case of guilty verdicts, the trial moves to the sentencing phase. In most states, the same laws that define criminal offenses also set the maximum sentences that can be imposed, from fines to time in jail. However, the state and federal courts follow very different procedural laws for sentencing. Sentencing In State Courts The procedural laws of some states provide for a bifurcated or two-part trial system, in which sentencing is conducted in a separate trial held after a guilty verdict has been reached. The sentencing phase trial follows the same basic procedural laws as the guilt or innocence phase, with the same jury hearing evidence and determining sentences. The judge will advise the jury of the range of severity of sentences that may be imposed under state law. Sentencing In Federal Courts In the federal courts, judges themselves impose sentences based on a more narrow set of federal sentencing guidelines. In determining an appropriate sentence’ the judge, rather than a jury, will consider a report on the defendant’s criminal history prepared by a federal probation officer, as well as evidence presented during the trial. In the federal criminal courts, judges use a point system based on the defendant’s prior convictions, if any, in applying the federal sentencing guidelines. In addition, federal judges do not have the leeway to impose sentences more or less severe than those allowed under the federal sentencing guidelines. Sources of Procedural Laws Procedural law is established by each individual jurisdiction. Both the state and federal courts have created their own sets of procedures. In addition, county and municipal courts may have specific procedures that must that must be followed. These procedures typically include how cases are filed with the court, how parties involved are notified, and how official records of court proceedings are handled. In most jurisdictions, procedural laws are found in publications such as the â€Å"Rules of Civil Procedure,† and â€Å"Rules of Court.† The procedural laws of the federal courts can be found in the â€Å"Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.† Basic Elements of Substantive Criminal Law In comparison to procedural criminal law, substantive criminal law involves the â€Å"substance† of the charges filed against accused persons. Every charge is made up of elements, or the specific acts required to amount to the commission of a crime. Substantive law requires that prosecutors prove beyond all reasonable doubt that every element of crime took place as charged in order for the accused person to be convicted of that crime. For example, to secure a conviction for a charge of felony-level driving while intoxicated, prosecutors must prove the following substantive elements of the crime: The accused person was, in fact, the person operating the motor vehicle;The vehicle was being operated on a public roadway;The accused person was legally intoxicated while operating the vehicle; andThe accused person had prior convictions for driving while intoxicated. Other substantive state laws involved in the above example include: The maximum allowed percentage of alcohol in the accused person’s blood at the time of arrest; andThe number of prior convictions for driving while intoxicated. Because both procedural and substantive laws can vary by state and sometimes by county, persons charged with crimes should consult with a certified criminal law attorney practicing in their jurisdiction. Sources of Substantive Law In the United States, substantive law comes from the state legislatures and Common Law - law based on societal customs and enforced by the courts. Historically, Common Law made up set of statutes and case law that governed England and the American colonies prior to the American Revolution. During the 20th century, substantive laws changed and grew in number quickly as Congress and the state legislatures moved to unify and modernize many principles of Common Law. For example, since its enactment in 1952, the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), governing commercial transactions has been fully or partially adopted by all U.S. states to replace the Common Law and differing state laws as the single authoritative source of substantive commercial law.

Prosecutorial Misconduct Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Prosecutorial Misconduct - Research Paper Example In this respect, this becomes unacceptable by the law. Therefore, in order for the criminal justice system to be in a position to provide the mandate for which it is created, there is a need for the reformation of this problem. This will provide a solution to the issue as the prosecutors among other law enforcers will be in a position to act within their specified duties. In this sense, both the criminals and other citizens of the countries will be given the opportunity to enjoy their individual rights of justice. Within the legal profession, there are those convictions that have been made in a wrongful manner. Although most of the time these have been contributed by honest mistakes that could not have been prevented or avoided, there are those that have taken place as a result of ignorance and the lack of responsibilities by the members of the legal profession. This is a sign that in far too many cases, the same people who are entrusted with the responsibility of ensuring truth and justice since they are the law enforcement officers and mainly the prosecutors lose focus of this obligation and instead of working towards the maintenance of justice they mainly focus on securing convictions for themselves regardless of the consequences placed on the defendant. It mostly applies to the prosecutors who aim at providing evidence against the defendant despite the fact that they also possess alternative evidence to prevent the incrimination of the said defendant. This means that they may have evidenc e to incriminate a different individual hence leading to the wrongful conviction of the first defendant (Davis, 2007). It refers to the illegal action or the lack of action by the prosecutor especially in the attempt to influence the jury to convict a defendant inappropriately or to give a punishment that is harsher than it is necessary. At times, it is also known as selective prosecution. This is a problem that has currently been